ใดใญใใชใฏๆฌๅฝใซๅฎณ่ซใชใฎใ๏ผๆๅคใช็ๆ ็ณปใงใฎๅฝนๅฒ
ใดใญใใชใจ่ใใจใๅคใใฎไบบใใไธๆฝใใๅฎณ่ซใใ้ง้คใใชใใใฐใชใใชใๅญๅจใใจใใฃใๅซใชใคใกใผใธใๆใคใงใใใใ็นใซๅฎถใ้ฃฒ้ฃๅบใง่ฆใใใใจใไธๅฟซๆใๆฑใใใซใฏใใใใพใใใใใใใๅฎใฏใดใญใใชใ็ๆ ็ณปใฎไธญใง้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใใจใฏใใใพใ็ฅใใใฆใใพใใใไธ็ใซใฏ็ด4500็จฎ้กใฎใดใญใใชใใใพใใใไบบ้ใฎ็ๆดป็ฉบ้ใซไพตๅ ฅใใใฎใฏใใใ30็จฎ้กใปใฉใงใใๆฎใใฎๅคงๅคๆฐใฏ่ช็ถใฎไธญใง็ฎ็ซใใใซ็ๆดปใใฆใใพใใๅฝผใใฎๅฝนๅฒใ็่งฃใใใใจใงใใๆฌๅฝใซใดใญใใชใฏ้ง้คใในใๅฎณ่ซใชใฎใ๏ผใใจใใ็ๅใๆตฎใใณใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏ็ๆ ็ณปใฎๅ่งฃ่ ใจใใฆ้่ฆใชๅญๅจ
ใดใญใใชใฎๅคงๅใชๅฝนๅฒใฏใๅ่งฃ่ ใใจใใฆใฎๆฉ่ฝใงใใๆฃฎๆใ่ๅใซไฝใๅคใใฎใดใญใใชใฏใๆฏ่ใๅ็ฉใฎๆญป้ชธใ่ ใฃใๆๆฉ็ฉใ้ฃในใฆๅ่งฃใใใใใซใใฃใฆๅๅฃใซๆ ้คใไพ็ตฆใใฆใใพใใใใฎใใญใปในใซใใใๆค็ฉใๆ้ทใใใใใซๅฟ ่ฆใชๆ ้คใๅใซๆปใใใ่ช็ถใฎๆ ้คใตใคใฏใซใ็ถญๆใใใพใใ
2012ๅนดใซใใผในใซใญใฉใคใๅท็ซๅคงๅญฆใงใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใใใชใใชใใใจใงๆฃฎๆใฎๆ ้คใฎๅพช็ฐใๅๆปใใๅๅฃใฎ็ช็ด ไพ็ตฆใๆธๅฐใใใใจใ็คบใใใฆใใพใใไพใๆใใใจใใดใญใใชใฎ็ณใซใฏ็ช็ด ใๅคใๅซใพใใฆใใใๅพฎ็็ฉใซใใฃใฆๅ่งฃใใใใใจใงๆค็ฉใๅธๅใใใใๅฝขใซๅคใใใพใใๅๅฃใฎ็ช็ด ๆฟๅบฆใไฝใใชใใจๆค็ฉใฎๆ้ทใๅฆจใใใใ้ฃ็ฉ้ฃ้ๅ จไฝใซๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใ
ใพใใ2016ๅนดใซใชใผในใใฉใชใขๅฝ็ซๅคงๅญฆใงใฎ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใ็ฑๅธฏ้จๆใซไฝใใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใๆธใฃใๅฐๅใงใฏใ่ฝใก่ใฎๅ่งฃ้ๅบฆใ็ด20๏ผ ไฝไธใใๅๅฃใฎๆ ้คใใฉใณในใๅดฉใใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใใใใฏใใดใญใใชใ่ช็ถ็ใฎ็ฉ่ณชๅพช็ฐใไฟ้ฒใใฆใใ่จผๆ ใงใใใคใพใใใดใญใใชใฏๅใชใใไธๅฟซใชๅญๅจใใงใฏใชใใ็ๆ ็ณปใฎๅฅๅ จๆงใ็ถญๆใใใใใซๅฟ ่ฆไธๅฏๆฌ ใชๅญๅจใชใฎใงใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏ้ฃ็ฉ้ฃ้ใฎๅบ็คใๆฏใใ้่ฆใช้ค
ใดใญใใชใฏๆ้ฃ่ ใซใจใฃใฆ้่ฆใช้ฃๆๆบใงใใใใพใใๅคใใฎๆ่ซ้ฃใฎๅ็ฉใฏใดใญใใชใ้ฃในใฆๆ ้คใๆๅใใฆใใพใใใซใจใซใ้ณฅใๅฐๅๅบไนณ้กใ็ฌ่ซ้กใชใฉใฏใดใญใใชใไธป้ฃใจใใฆใใใๅฝผใใฎ็ๅญใซใฏใดใญใใชใไธๅฏๆฌ ใงใใ
2015ๅนดใซใคใณใใใทใขใฎ็ฑๅธฏ้จๆใงใฎ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใใณใใใบใฏ๏ผใใฏใญใฆใฎไธ็จฎ๏ผใฎ่ใฎๅ ๅฎน็ฉใฎ็ด30๏ผ ใใดใญใใชใ ใฃใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใพใใใ็นใซๅนผ้ณฅใฎๆ้ทๆใซใฏใใดใญใใชใ้่ฆใชๆ ้คๆบใจใชใฃใฆใใพใใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏใใดใญใใชใ้ฃ็ฉ้ฃ้ใฎๅบ็คใๆฏใใๅญๅจใงใใใใจใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ
ใใใซใ2018ๅนดใซใใฉใธใซ็ๆ ๅญฆ็ ็ฉถๆใ่กใฃใใธใฃใฌใผใฎ็ณใฎๅๆใซใใใฐใใธใฃใฌใผใฎ้ฃๆงใซใฏๅฐๅ็ฉใๅซใพใใฆใใใใใฎไธญใซใดใญใใชใๆ้ฃใใใใฃๆญฏ้กใๅคใๅซใพใใฆใใพใใใใคใพใใใดใญใใชใๅญๅจใใใใจใงใใใใ้ฃในใๅ็ฉใใกใฎ็ๅญใๆฏใใใใใใใซใใฎๆ้ฃ่ ใฎ้ฃ็ณงไพ็ตฆใๅฎๅฎใใใฎใงใใใดใญใใชใฎๆธๅฐใฏ้ฃ็ฉ้ฃ้ๅ จไฝใซๅฝฑ้ฟใๅใผใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใๅฝผใใฎๅฝนๅฒใ็ก่ฆใใใใจใฏใงใใพใใใ
้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใซใใใใดใญใใชใฎ้ฉๅฟ
้ฝๅธ้จใงใฏใดใญใใชใฏใ่ก็ๅฎณ่ซใใจใใฆๅซใใใฆใใพใใใๅฝผใใฎ็นๆฎใฎไป็ตใฟใ็ฅใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใฎๅ้ก็นใ่ฆใใฆใใพใใไธ่ฌ็ใซใฏใใดใญใใชใฎๅคง้็บ็ใฏใดใใฎๆพ็ฝฎใๅปบ็ฉใฎ่ๆฝๅใๆนฟๅบฆใฎ้ซใ็ฐๅขใซใใฃใฆๅผใ่ตทใใใใพใใ
2019ๅนดใซๆฅๆฌใในใใณใณใใญใผใซๅไผใ่กใฃใ่ชฟๆปใซใใใจใๆฑไบฌ้ฝๅ ใงใฎใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใฏใ้ฉๅใชใดใๅฆ็ใ่กใใใฆใใๅฐๅใงใฏ10ๅนด้ใง็ด25๏ผ ๆธๅฐใใไธๆนใงใ่ๆฝๅใใไฝๅฎ ่กใงใฏ้ใซ20๏ผ ๅขๅ ใใฆใใพใใใใใฎใใผใฟใใใใดใญใใชใฎ็บ็ใฏๅใชใๅฎณ่ซๅ้กใงใฏใชใใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใฎ็ฎก็ใ่ก็็ถๆ ใฎๆๆจใจใใชใใใจใๅใใใพใใ
ใพใใใดใญใใชใฏ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใซ้ฉๅฟใใชใใ้ฒๅใใฆใใพใใไพใจใใฆใไธ่ฌ็ใชใดใญใใช้ง้คๅคใซๅซใพใใ็ๅณๆๅ๏ผใฐใซใณใผใน๏ผใๅซใใใฐใซใณใผในๅ้ฟๅใดใญใใชใใๅขใใฆใใใจใใๅ ฑๅใใใใพใใใใฎ็พ่ฑกใฏ1990ๅนดไปฃใซใขใกใชใซใงๅใใฆ็ขบ่ชใใใใใฎๅพๆฅๆฌใใจใผใญใใใงใ่ฆณๅฏใใใฆใใพใใใดใญใใชใฏ็ญใไธไปฃไบคไปฃใฎใตใคใฏใซใๆใกใๆฐไธไปฃใฎ้ใซ็นๅฎใฎ็ฐๅขใซ้ฉๅฟใใ่ฝๅใๆใฃใฆใใใใใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใงใ็ๅญๆฆ็ฅใๅคใใฆใใใฎใงใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎๅญๅจใฏๅใซใ่ฟทๆใชๅฎณ่ซใใจใใฆ็ไปใใในใใงใฏใชใใ็ฐๅข็ฎก็ใ้ฝๅธใฎๆง้ ใ่ฆ็ดใใใฃใใใจใใชใใพใใๅฝผใใฎ่กๅใๅๅธใๅๆใใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธใฎ่ชฒ้กใๆๆกใใใใ่ก็็ใช็ฐๅขใไฝใใใใฎๆใใใใๅพใใใจใใงใใใฎใงใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏ็ขบใใซไธๅฟซใชๅญๅจใงใใใ็ๆ ็ณปใซใใใฆ้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใใจใฏๅฆๅฎใงใใพใใใๅฝผใใฏๆฏ่ใๅ็ฉใฎๆญป้ชธใๅ่งฃใใๆค็ฉใฎๆ ้คๅพช็ฐใๅฉใใใๅ่งฃ่ ใใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใฆใใใ ใใงใชใใๅคใใฎๆ้ฃ่ ใซใจใฃใฆใฎ้่ฆใช้ฃๆๆบใงใใใใพใใใพใใ้ฝๅธ้จใงใฏใดใญใใชใฎ็บ็ใ่ก็็ฎก็ใฎ็ถๆ ใ็คบใๆๆจใจใชใใๅฝผใใฎๅๅธใๅๆใใใใจใง้ฝๅธใฎๅ้กใ่ฆ็ดใๆใใใใๅพใใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฏๅใชใๅฎณ่ซใงใฏใชใใ็ๆ ็ณปใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใซๆทฑใ้ขใใๅญๅจใงใใไบบ้ใฎ่ฆ็นใใ่ฆใใฐๅซใใใๅฝผใใงใใใ่ช็ถ็ๅ จไฝใฎ่ฆณ็นใใ่ฆใใจใ่ฆใใใๆฏใๆใใจใใฆใฎๅฝนๅฒใๆใฃใฆใใใฎใงใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใฎๅฅๅบท็ถๆ ใ็คบใ้่ฆใชๆๆจ
้ฝๅธใซใใใดใญใใชใฏใๅใชใๅฎณ่ซใงใฏใชใใใใฎๅฐๅใฎ็ฐๅข็ถๆ ใๅๆ ใใใ็ใใๆๆจใใจใใฆใฎๅฝนๅฒใๆใฃใฆใใพใใไธ่ฌ็ใซใดใญใใชใฏใไธๆฝใใ้ง้คใในใๅญๅจใใจใใใพใใใๅฝผใใฎ็ๆ ใ่ชฟในใใจใ้ฝๅธใฎ่ก็็ฐๅขใๆฑๆใฎๅบฆๅใใ็ฅใใใใฎ้่ฆใชๆ ๅ ฑๆบใงใใใใจใๅใใใพใใใดใญใใชใฎ็ๆฏ็ถๆณใๅๆใใใใจใงใใใฎๅฐๅใฎ็ฉบๆฐใๆฐด่ณชใ้ฃๅใฎๅฎๅ จๆงใใใใซใฏๅปบ็ฉใฎ่ๆฝๅใชใฉใๅคใใฎ็ฐๅข่ฆๅ ใๆๆกใใใใจใใงใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎ็ๆฏ็ฐๅขใใใใใ้ฝๅธใฎๆฑๆใฌใใซ
ใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใๆดปๅ็ฏๅฒใฏใ้ฝๅธใฎ่ก็็ถๆ ใ็ดๆฅ็ใซๅๆ ใใฆใใพใใใดใๅ้ใ้ฉๅใซ่กใใใฆใใๅฐๅใฎๅ ดๅใงใฏใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใๅฐใชใใ้ใซใดใใๆพ็ฝฎใใใใใๅฐๅใงใฏใดใญใใชใ็นๆฎใใใใใชใใพใใ2019ๅนดใซๆฅๆฌใในใใณใณใใญใผใซๅไผใ่กใฃใ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใๆฑไบฌ้ฝๅ ใง้ฉๅใชใดใๅฆ็ใ่กใใใฆใใๅฐๅใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎ็บ็็ใ10ๅนด้ใง็ด25๏ผ ๆธๅฐใใไธๆนใใดใ็ฎก็ใไธๅๅใชๅฐๅใงใฏ้ใซ20๏ผ ๅขๅ ใใฆใใพใใใใใใฏใใดใญใใชใ่ก็็ถๆ ใฎ่ฏใๆชใใๆธฌใๆๆจใซใชใๅพใใใจใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ
ใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใซ่็ฉใใใๆๅฎณ็ฉ่ณชใฎ็จฎ้กใๆฟๅบฆใ่ชฟๆปใใใใจใงใใใฎๅฐๅใฎ็ฐๅขๆฑๆใฎๅฎๆ ใๆใใใซใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใงใใ2016ๅนดใซไธญๅฝใฎๅบๅทๅธใง่กใใใ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใๅธ่กๅฐใซ็ๆฏใใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใใ้ซๆฟๅบฆใฎ้ใใซใใใฆใ ใชใฉใฎ้้ๅฑใๆคๅบใใใพใใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏใใดใญใใชใ้ฝๅธใฎๆฑๆ็ฉ่ณชใๅใ่พผใฟใใใใใใใ็ๆฏๅฐๅใฎ็ฐๅขใๅๆ ใใฆใใใใจใ็คบใใฆใใพใใใคใพใใ้ฝๅธใฎใดใญใใชใ่ชฟๆปใใใใจใงใ่ฆใใซใใ็ฐๅขๅ้กใฎๅฎๆ ใๆใใใซใชใใฎใงใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎ้ฃๆงใ็คบใ้ฃๅ่ก็ใฎๅฎๆ
ใดใญใใชใฏ้้ฃๆงใงใ่ ๆใใ้ฃใน็ฉใใดใใใใใซใฏ็ดใ็ณใชใฉใ้ฃในใพใใใใฎใใใๅฝผใใใฉใฎใใใชใใฎใ้ฃในใฆใใใใ่ชฟในใใใจใงใใใฎๅฐๅใฎ้ฃๅ่ก็็ถๆณใๆๆกใงใใพใใ2018ๅนดใซใขใกใชใซใฎ็ฐๅข่ก็็ ็ฉถๆฉ้ขใ่กใฃใ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใ้ฃฒ้ฃๅบๅจ่พบใฎใดใญใใชใฎ่ใฎๅ ๅฎน็ฉใๅๆใใ็ตๆใ้ฃในๆฎใใใดใใ ใใงใชใใๆฎบ่ซๅคใๆดๅคใฎๆๅใๅคใๅซใพใใฆใใใใจใใใใใพใใใใใใฏใ้ฃๅใฎๅใๆฑใใไธ้ฉๅใชๅบ่ใปใฉใใดใญใใชใๆๅฎณ็ฉ่ณชใๆๅใใใใ็ฐๅขใซใใใใจใๆๅณใใฆใใพใใ
ใพใใๅ่ชฟๆปใงใฏ้ฃๅๅ ๅทฅๅทฅๅ ดใฎ่ฟใใซใใใดใญใใชใใใๅพฎ้ใฎ้ฒ่ ๅคใ้ฃๅๆทปๅ ็ฉใๆคๅบใใใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใใใใใฎ็ฉ่ณชใฏๆฌๆฅใ้ฃๅใฎๅ ้จใซๅซใพใใในใใใฎใงใใใใดใญใใชใใใใใไฝๅ ใซ่็ฉใใฆใใใจใใใใจใฏใๅทฅๅ ดๅจ่พบใฎ้ฃๅๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎ็ฎก็ใไธๅๅใงใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใ็คบใใฆใใพใใใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎ้ฃๆงใ่ชฟๆปใใใใจใงใๅฐๅใใจใฎ้ฃๅ่ก็ใฎๅฎๆ ใๆตฎใๅฝซใใซใงใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณช่ๆงใ็คบใๅป็ๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎๅฝฑ้ฟ
่ฟๅนดใ้ฝๅธ้จใฎใดใญใใชใฎไธญใซใฏใ่คๆฐใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณชใซๅฏพใใฆ่ๆงใๆใคๅไฝใๅขใใฆใใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใใใใฏใๅป็ๅปๆฃ็ฉใไธๆฐดใชใฉใซๅซใพใใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใใดใญใใชใฎ็ๆฏ็ฐๅขใซๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใ้ฒๅใไฟใใฆใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใ2019ๅนดใซใใคใใฎใใซใชใณๅทฅ็งๅคงๅญฆใๅฎๆฝใใ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใ็ ้ขๅจ่พบใฎใดใญใใชใใ้ๅธธใฎๆฎบ่ๅคใงใฏใปใจใใฉ้ง้คใงใใชใใปใฉใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณช่ๆงใๆใฃใฆใใใใจใๅคๆใใพใใใ้ฝๅธ้จใฎใดใญใใชใฎ็ด60๏ผ ใ่คๆฐใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณชใซๅฏพใใฆ่ๆงใๆใกใ็นใซใกใใทใชใณ่ๆง้ป่ฒใใใฆ็่๏ผMRSA๏ผใชใฉใฎ่ๆง่ใจๅ ฑๅญใใฆใใไบไพใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใฎไบๅฎใฏใๅป็ๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎ้ฉๅใชๅฆ็ใ่กใใใฆใใชใใใจใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ็ ้ขใ่ฃฝ่ฌๅทฅๅ ดใฎๆๆฐดใ้ฉๅใซๅฆ็ใใใชใๅ ดๅใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใ็ฐๅขไธญใซๆพๅบใใใใใใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใซ่็ฉใใใใใจใซใชใใพใใ็ตๆใจใใฆใใดใญใใชใไปใใฆๆ็็ฉ่ณช่ๆง่ใๆกๆฃใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใๅ ฌ่ก่ก็ไธใฎใชในใฏใ้ซใใ่ฆๅ ใซใชใๅพใพใใ
ใพใใ2020ๅนดใซ่กใใใใคใณใใฎ้ฝๅธ้จใงใฎ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใในใฉใ ่กใซ็ๆฏใใใดใญใใชใฎ80๏ผ ไปฅไธใ่คๆฐใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณชใซๅฏพใใ่ๆงใ็คบใใฆใใพใใใใใใฏใ่ก็็ฎก็ใไธๅๅใชๅฐๅใปใฉใใดใญใใชใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใซๆฑๆใใใ็ฐๅขใซใใใใใฆใใใใจใๆๅณใใพใใใคใพใใใดใญใใชใฎๆ็็ฉ่ณช่ๆงใ่ชฟๆปใใใใจใงใใใฎๅฐๅใฎๅป็ๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎ็ฎก็็ถๆณใ่ฉไพกใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใชใฎใงใใ
้ฝๅธใฎใดใญใใชใฏๅใชใๅฎณ่ซใงใฏใชใใใใฎๅฐๅใฎ็ฐๅข็ถๆ ใๆ ใๅบใ้่ฆใชๆๆจใงใใๅฝผใใฎ็ๆฏ็ถๆณใๅๆใใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธใฎ่ก็็ถๆ ใ้ฃๅๅฎๅ จใ็ฐๅขๆฑๆใๅป็ๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎ็ฎก็็ถๆณใชใฉใๅคใใฎๅ้กใๆตฎใๅฝซใใซใชใใพใใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใซ่็ฉใใใ้้ๅฑใๆ็็ฉ่ณช่ๆง่ใฎๅฒๅใ่ชฟในใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใฎ่ฆใใชใใชในใฏใ่ฉไพกใใใใจใใงใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฏ็งใใกใ่ใใไปฅไธใซ็ฐๅขๅ้กใจๆทฑใ้ขใใฃใฆใใใใใฎ็ๆฏ็ถๆณใ็่งฃใใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธใฎ่ชฒ้กใๅฎข่ฆณ็ใซ่ฉไพกใใๆใใใใๅพใใใจใใงใใพใใใดใญใใชใๅใชใใ้ง้คใในใๅฎณ่ซใใจใใฆ่ฆใใฎใงใฏใชใใใ็ฐๅขใฎๆๆจใใจใใฆใฎๅด้ขใซๆณจ็ฎใใใใจใงใ้ฝๅธใฎ็ฐๅขๅ้กใซๅฏพใใ็่งฃใๆทฑใใใใจใใงใใใฎใงใฏใชใใงใใใใใ
ใดใญใใชใ็งใใๅป็ใฎๅฏ่ฝๆง – ๆๅคใชไบบไฝใจใฎ้ขไฟ
ใดใญใใชใฏไธ่ฌ็ใซใๅฎณ่ซใใจใใฆๅซใใใฆใใพใใใใใฎ้ฉ็ฐ็ใช็ๅฝๅใ่ๆงใๅป่ฌๅ็ ็ฉถใซใใใฆ้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใใจใฏใใพใ็ฅใใใฆใใพใใใๆ่ฟใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใใ่ฆใคใใฃใๆ่็ฉ่ณชใ็ไฝๆๅใใๆๆ็ใฎๆฒป็ใ็ฅ็ต็พๆฃใซๅฟ็จใงใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใใจใๆใใใซใชใฃใฆใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎๅผทๅใชๆ่ไฝ็จ – ่ๆง่ใซ็ซใกๅใใๆฐใใชๆใใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏไธ่ก็ใช็ฐๅขใงใ็ใๅปถใณใใใจใใงใใใใจใง็ฅใใใฆใใพใใๅฝผใใฏไธๆฐด้ใใดใใฎๅฑฑใ็ ้ขใฎๆๆฐดๆบใชใฉใ็ดฐ่ใใฆใคใซในใๅคใๅ ดๆใซ้ฉๅฟใใฆใใพใใใใปใจใใฉ็ ๆฐใซใใใใใจใฏใใใพใใใใใฎ่ๆงใฎ็งๅฏใฏใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๅ ใซๅญๅจใใๅผทๅใชๆ่ใใใใ๏ผAMPs๏ผใซใใใจ่ใใใใฆใใพใใ
2009ๅนดใซ่ฑๅฝใฎใใใใฃใณใฌใ ๅคงๅญฆใง่กใใใ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎ่ณใ็ฅ็ต็ต็นใใ9็จฎ้กไปฅไธใฎๆ่็ฉ่ณชใ็บ่ฆใใใพใใใใใใใฏใใกใใทใชใณ่ๆง้ป่ฒใใใฆ็่๏ผMRSA๏ผใๅคง่ ธ่๏ผE. coli๏ผใชใฉใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใซ่ๆงใๆใค็ ๅ่ใซๅฏพใใฆๅผทใๆฎบ่ๅนๆใ็คบใใพใใใๅฎ้จใงใฏใใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎๆ่ใใใใใ้ซๆฟๅบฆใงๅน้คใใใจใใใMRSAใฎ็ๅญ็ใ90%ไปฅไธไฝไธใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใพใใใ
ใพใใ2017ๅนดใซไธญๅฝใฎ็ ็ฉถใใผใ ใ็บ่กจใใ่ซๆใงใฏใใขใกใชใซใดใญใใช๏ผPeriplaneta americana๏ผใฎ่ ธๅ ็ดฐ่ใใใใณใณใใคใทใณ่ๆง่ ธ็่๏ผVRE๏ผใซๅฏพใใฆ้ก่ใชๆๅถๅนๆใๆใคใใจใ็คบใใใพใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎ่ ธๅ ็ดฐ่ใใๆฝๅบใใใจใญในใVREใซๆ้ฒใใใจใใใ็ดฐ่ใฎๅขๆฎใ70%ไปฅไธๆๅถใใใพใใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎๆใคๆ่็ฉ่ณชใฏใๆ็็ฉ่ณชใๅนใใชใ่ๆง่ใจใฎๆฆใใซใใใฆใ็ปๆ็ใชๆญฆๅจใจใชใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใ
ใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎ็ฅ็ตๅ็็ฉ่ณช – ่้ซๆๅทๆฒป็ใธใฎๅฏ่ฝๆง
ใดใญใใชใฏ้ฉ็ฐ็ใชๅ็่ฝๅใๆใฃใฆใใใ่ใๅคฑใฃใฆใ็ญๆ้ใงๅ็ใใใใจใ็ฅใใใฆใใพใใ็ ็ฉถ่ ใใกใฏใใใฎๅ็่ฝๅใๆฏใใฆใใใฎใใดใญใใช็นๆใฎๆ้ทๅ ๅญใ็ฅ็ตไฟฎๅพฉ็ฉ่ณชใงใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใซๆณจ็ฎใใๅป็ๅ้ใธใฎๅฟ็จใๆจก็ดขใใฆใใพใใ
2021ๅนดใซไธญๅฝใฎไธๆตทไบค้ๅคงๅญฆใง่กใใใ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎไฝๆถฒใซๅซใพใใใใชใใฉใใใใใใใ๏ผPeriplanetin๏ผใใๅบไนณ้กใฎ็ฅ็ต็ดฐ่ใฎๆ้ทใไฟ้ฒใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใพใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎใใใใใๅน้คใใใฉใใใฎ็ฅ็ต็ดฐ่ใซๆไธใใใจใใใ็ฅ็ต็ช่ตทใฎๆ้ทใ็ด40%ไฟ้ฒใใใพใใใใใใซใ่้ซๆๅทใ่ฒ ใฃใใฉใใใซใใฎๆๅใๆไธใใใจใใใ้ๅๆฉ่ฝใฎๅๅพฉ้ๅบฆใ้ๅธธใฎ็ด1.5ๅใซใชใฃใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใฎ็ตๆใฏใใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎๆๅใ็ฅ็ตๆๅทใฎๆฒป็ใซ่ฒข็ฎใงใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ็นใซ่้ซๆๅทใฏ็พๅจใฎๅป็ๆ่กใงใฏๅๅพฉใ้ฃใใใๅนๆ็ใชๆฒป็ๆณใ้ใใใฆใใใใใๆฐใใชๆฒป็ๆณใฎ็บ่ฆใซใคใชใใใใใใใพใใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎๅค้ชจๆ ผใ็ใฟๅบใใใคใชใใใชใขใซ – ไบบๅทฅ่ๅจใๅตๅทๆฒป็ใธใฎๅฟ็จ
ใดใญใใชใฎๅค้ชจๆ ผใฏใใญใใณใจๅผใฐใใๅค็ณ้กใงๆงๆใใใฆใใใใใฎ็ฉ่ณชใๅป็ๅ้ใงๆณจ็ฎใใใฆใใพใใใญใใณใฏๅผทๅบฆใจๆ่ปๆงใๅ ผใญๅใใ็ไฝ้ฉๅๆงใ้ซใใใใๅตๅทๆฒป็ใ็ต็นๅทฅๅญฆใซใใใฆๆ็จใช็ด ๆใจใใฆ็ ็ฉถใใใฆใใพใใ
2005ๅนดใซๆฅๆฌใฎๆฑไบฌๅคงๅญฆใง่กใใใ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎๅค้ชจๆ ผใใๆฝๅบใใใใญใใณใใใใกใคใใผใใไบบๅทฅ็ฎ่ใฎๆๆใจใใฆ้ซใ้ฉๅฟๆงใ็คบใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใพใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎใญใใณใไฝฟ็จใใไบบๅทฅ็ฎ่ใใฉใใใฎๅทๅฃใซ้ฉ็จใใใจใใใ้ๅธธใฎใณใฉใผใฒใณใใผในใฎไบบๅทฅ็ฎ่ใจๆฏ่ผใใฆใ็ด30%ๆฉใๅทใๆฒป็ใใใจใใ็ตๆใๅพใใใพใใใ
ใพใใ2014ๅนดใซใฏใใดใญใใช็ฑๆฅใฎใญใใณใไบบๅทฅ่ก็ฎกใฎๆๆใจใใฆๆๆใงใใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใพใใใ้ๅธธใไบบๅทฅ่ก็ฎกใฏ้ทๆ้ใฎไฝฟ็จใง่กๆ ใๅฝขๆใใใใใใจใใ่ชฒ้กใใใใพใใใใดใญใใชใฎใญใใณใๅฉ็จใใไบบๅทฅ่ก็ฎกใฏ่กๆถฒใจใฎ่ฆชๅๆงใ้ซใใ่กๆ ใฎ็บ็็ใ50%ไปฅไธไฝไธใใใจๅฎ้จใง็คบใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎๅค้ชจๆ ผใซๅซใพใใใญใใณใฏใไบบๅทฅ่ๅจใๅ็ๅป็ใฎๅ้ใซใใใฆ้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏๅใชใๅฎณ่ซใงใฏใชใใใใฎ้ฉ็ฐ็ใช็ๅฝๅใๅป็็ ็ฉถใซใใใฆๅคใใฎๅฏ่ฝๆงใ็งใใฆใใพใใๅฝผใใฎไฝๅ ใใ่ฆใคใใฃใๆ่็ฉ่ณชใฏใ่ๆง่ใจใฎๆฆใใซใใใๆฐใใชๆญฆๅจใจใชใๅพใพใใใพใใ็ฅ็ตๅ็ใไฟ้ฒใใๆๅใฎๅญๅจใฏใ่้ซๆๅทใ็ฅ็ต็พๆฃใฎๆฒป็ใซ่ฒข็ฎใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใใใใซใใดใญใใชใฎๅค้ชจๆ ผใใๆฝๅบใใใใญใใณใฏใไบบๅทฅ่ๅจใๅตๅทๆฒป็ใซๅฟ็จใใใฆใใพใใ
ใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถ็ตๆใ่ใใใจใใดใญใใชใๅใชใใๅฎณ่ซใใจใใฆ้ฟใใใฎใงใฏใชใใๅฝผใใฎ็ๆ ใ็นๆงใๆทฑใ็่งฃใใๅป็ใ็งๅญฆใฎ้ฒๅฑใซๆดป็จใใ่ฆ็นใๆฑใใใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใจใฎๅ ฑๅญ – ๅฎณ่ซใใ็ฐๅขใฎๅฎใๆใ๏ผ
ใดใญใใชใจ่ใใจใๅซใชๆฐๆใกใๆฑใไบบใๅคใใงใใๅฎถๅบญใ้ฃฒ้ฃๅบใง่ฆใใใใจใใใใซ้ง้คใใใใจใใใฎใไธ่ฌ็ใชๅๅฟใงใใใใใใใใใดใญใใชใฏๆฌๅฝใซใใ ใฎๅฎณ่ซใชใฎใงใใใใ๏ผใดใญใใชใฏๅคใใใๅฐ็ไธใซๅญๅจใใ้ฉใในใ้ฉๅฟๅใง็ฐๅขใฎๅคๅใซ่ใ็ถใใฆใใพใใใใฎ็ๆ ็ณปใซใใใๅฝนๅฒใ่ฆใฆใใใจใๅใชใๅฎณ่ซใจใฏ่จใๅใใชใๅด้ขใ่ฆใใฆใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฏๆฌๅฝใซๅฎณ่ซใชใฎใ๏ผ – ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใซใใใๅฝนๅฒ
ใดใญใใชใใๅฎณ่ซใใจใใใไธปใช็็ฑใฏใ็ ๅ่ใฎๅชไปใจ้ฃๅๆฑๆใฎใชในใฏใซใใใพใใ็ขบใใซใๅฎถใฎไธญใๆญฉใๅใใ้ฃใน็ฉใใใใใดใญใใชใฏ่ก็็ใซๅ้กใใใใพใใใใใใใดใญใใชใฎ็ๆ ใ่ชฟในใใจใๅฝผใใ้ฝๅธใฎ็ฐๅข็ถญๆใซใใใฆไธๅฎใฎๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใใใจใใใใใพใใ
้ฝๅธใฎๅ่งฃ่ ใจใใฆใฎๆฉ่ฝ
ใดใญใใชใฏ่ ๆ็ฉใๆๆฉๅปๆฃ็ฉใๅ่งฃใใๅฝนๅฒใๆ ใฃใฆใใพใใๅฝผใใฏๆฏใ่ใ้ฃในๆฎใใๅ็ฉใฎๆญป้ชธใชใฉใๆๅใใใใใๆๆณใใใใจใงๅๅฃใฎๆ ้คๅพช็ฐใๅฉใใฆใใพใใใใใฏใ่ช็ถ็ใซใใใฆ่ ็็็ฉ๏ผใใใชใฟใน้ฃ่ ๏ผใจใใฆใฎๆฉ่ฝใๆใคใใใบใใใณใดใ ใทใจไผผใๅฝนๅฒใงใใ
2015ๅนดใซ็บ่กจใใใใขใกใชใซใฎใใผในใซใญใฉใคใๅท็ซๅคงๅญฆใฎ็ ็ฉถใซใใใจใ้ฝๅธ้จใซ็ๆฏใใใดใญใใชใฎๅไฝ็พคใๆธๅฐใใๅ ดๅใๆๆฉๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎๅ่งฃ้ๅบฆใๆๅคง40%ไฝไธใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใใจใ็คบๅใใใฆใใพใใใใใฏใใดใญใใชใ้ฝๅธใฎใดใใฎๅ่งฃใซ่ฒข็ฎใใ็ฐๅขใฎๆธ ๆตๅใๅฉใใฆใใใใจใๆๅณใใพใใ
ใใใซใๆฑไบฌ้ฝๅ ใงๅฎๆฝใใใ็ๆ ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใ้ฝๅธ้จใฎไธๆฐด้ใซ็ๆฏใใใดใญใใชใใ1ใซๆใใใๅนณๅ500gใฎๆๆฉๅปๆฃ็ฉใๆๅใใฆใใใใจใๅคๆใใพใใใใใใ้ฝๅธๅ จไฝใฎใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใซๆ็ฎใใใจใๅนด้ใงๆฐๅใใณใใฎๆๆฉ็ฉใๅ่งฃใใใฆใใ่จ็ฎใซใชใใพใใ
้ฝๅธใซใใใไปใฎ็็ฉใธใฎๅฝฑ้ฟ
ใดใญใใชใฏๅฎณ่ซใจใใใไธๆนใงใ้ฝๅธ็ๆ ็ณปใซใใใฆ้่ฆใชๆ้ฃๅฏพ่ฑกใงใใใใพใใไพใจใใฆใใใบใใใฏใขใใขใชใชใฉใฎๆ้ฃ่ ใซใจใฃใฆใใดใญใใชใฏ่ฒด้ใชใฟใณใใฏๆบใงใใ็นใซใ้ฝๅธ้จใงใฏใฏใขใฎๅไฝๆฐใๅขๅ ใใใจใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใๆๅถใใใใใจใ่ฆณๅฏใใใฆใใใใใใฏ้ฃ็ฉ้ฃ้ใฎใใฉใณในใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ
2018ๅนดใซ็บ่กจใใใไบฌ้ฝๅคงๅญฆใฎ็ ็ฉถใงใฏใๅฑๅ ใซ็ๆฏใใใดใญใใชใฎๆฐใจใๅฎถๅฑใซไฝใฟใคใใใจใใชใฐใขใฎ็ๆฏๆฐใซ่ฒ ใฎ็ธ้ข้ขไฟใใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใพใใใไพใๆใใใจใใฏใขใฎๅไฝๆฐใๅคใๅฎถใงใฏใดใญใใชใฎ็บ็็ใ็ด30%ไฝไธใใฆใใใจใใ็ตๆใๅพใใใฆใใพใใใใฎ็ตๆใฏใใดใญใใชใๅฎๅ จใซๆ้คใใใใจใใใใใใๅฝผใใฎๅคฉๆตใจใฎๅ ฑๅญใ่ใใๆนใๅน็็ใชๅฎณ่ซ็ฎก็ใซใคใชใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใ็คบใใฆใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใฎ็ๆ ็ณปใซใใใๅฝนๅฒ – ่ช็ถ็ฐๅขใจๅๅฃใธใฎๅฝฑ้ฟ
ใดใญใใชใฏ้ฝๅธ้จใ ใใงใชใใๆฃฎๆใๆนฟๅฐๅธฏใชใฉใฎ่ช็ถ็ฐๅขใซใๅบใๅๅธใใฆใใพใใ็นใซ็ฑๅธฏๅฐๅใงใฏๆฐ็พ็จฎ้กใฎใดใญใใชใ็ๆฏใใๅฝผใใฏ่ฝใก่ใๆฏใๆจใฎๅ่งฃใๅฉใใ้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใพใใ
ๆฃฎๆใฎๆ ้คๅพช็ฐใธใฎ่ฒข็ฎ
ใดใญใใชใฏๆฏ่ใ่ ๆใใๆค็ฉใๆๅใใใใใ็ณใจใใฆๆๆณใใพใใใใฎ็ณใซใฏ็ช็ด ใใชใณใ่ฑๅฏใซๅซใพใใๅๅฃใฎ่ฅๆฒๅบฆใๅไธใใใๅใใใใใพใใไพใจใใฆใใใฉใธใซใฎ็ฑๅธฏ้จๆใง่กใใใ่ชฟๆปใงใฏใใดใญใใชใฎๆๆณ็ฉใๅๅฃไธญใฎ็ช็ด ๆฟๅบฆใ็ด15%ๅไธใใใใใจใๅ ฑๅใใใฆใใพใใ
ใพใใใดใญใใชใฎ่ ธๅ ใซใฏ็นๆฎใชๅพฎ็็ฉใๅ ฑ็ใใฆใใใใใใใๆค็ฉใฎใปใซใญใผในใๅ่งฃใใใใๅฝขใซๅคใใใใญใปในใฏใๆฃฎๆ็ๆ ็ณปใซใใใฆๆฏใ่ใฎๅ่งฃ้ๅบฆใ20%ไปฅไธๅ ้ใใใใจๆจๅฎใใใฆใใพใใ
ไปใฎๅ็ฉใจใฎ้ขไฟ
ใดใญใใชใฏ้ณฅ้กใๅฐๅๅบไนณ้กใฎ้่ฆใช้คใงใใใใใขใธใขใซ็ๆฏใใใคใขใชใฎ้ฃไบใฎ็ด50%ใฏใดใญใใชใๅ ใใใจใใ็ ็ฉถ็ตๆใใใใพใใใพใใใขใใพใณใฎ็ฑๅธฏ้จๆใงใฏใใดใญใใชใใณใฆใขใชใฎไธปใช้ฃ็ณงๆบใจใชใฃใฆใใใใจใ็ขบ่ชใใใฆใใพใใ
ใดใญใใชใๆธๅฐใใใจใใใใใฎๆ้ฃ่ ใฎ็ๆ ใซใๅฝฑ้ฟใๅใผใใ็ตๆ็ใซ็ๆ ็ณปๅ จไฝใฎใใฉใณในใๅดฉใใใใจใ่ใใใใพใใ
ใพใจใ
ใดใญใใชใฏไธ่ก็ใงๅไปใชๅฎณ่ซใจ่ฆใชใใใใใจใๅคใใงใใใๅฎ้ใซใฏ้ฝๅธใฎใดใๅ่งฃ่ ใจใใฆๆฉ่ฝใใ็ๆ ็ณปใฎใใฉใณในใไฟใค้่ฆใชๅฝนๅฒใๆใใใฆใใพใใ้ฝๅธ็ฐๅขใงใฏๆๆฉๅปๆฃ็ฉใฎๅฆ็ใๅฉใใไปใฎ็็ฉใซใจใฃใฆใฎ้ฃ็ณงๆบใซใใชใฃใฆใใพใใใพใใๆฃฎๆใงใฏๆฏใ่ใๅ่งฃใใๅๅฃใฎๆ ้คๅพช็ฐใซ่ฒข็ฎใใฆใใพใใ
ไบบ้ใใดใญใใชใๅฎๅ จใซๆ้คใใใใจใใใใจใฏใ็ๆ ็ณปใซๆใใฌๅฝฑ้ฟใไธใใๅฏ่ฝๆงใใใใพใใใใกใใใๅฎถใฎไธญใซไพตๅ ฅใใใดใญใใชใฏ่ก็ไธใฎๅ้กใๅผใ่ตทใใใพใใใใใใจๅๆใซๅฝผใใฎๅญๅจใๆใค็ๆ ๅญฆ็ใชๆๅณใ็่งฃใใ้ฉๅใซๅ ฑๅญใใๆนๆณใ่ใใใใจใ้่ฆใงใฏใชใใงใใใใใ
